This article has as objective to know actually who were slaves or what characterise someone as slave. Here, we should understand that slave trade was an economic activity, so it is also for us to show how slaves practice or were us in slavery which is an action committed by them or him who is under bondage or hardship, and difficult situation. Additionally, the conduct of slavery could be analysing in several domains of which indicate the manner of transportation, Life Expectancy, searching and capturing the slaves and keeping them in slave settlements were the ways they were kept, fed and control. More so, their means of transportation, settlement and others. After all, the above mention people realise that it was very brutal as many slaves lost their lives which was against religious will as such abolishing the existence of slave and slavery, all that surround this actions and slave trade became imminent. But since human force was still needed in this trade processes some other form of slavery and it contact was register or came into function and existed in the world society depending the area of origin. At this juncture in the modern period other forms of slavery and slaving activities resurfaced such as flogging, marriage inconveniences, which we call the modern forms of slavery and slave trade or modern and contemporary forms of enslavement. The methods used to gather material to develop this work has been the following. We base our research on oral, published and archives materials. Also, we successfully diagnose and bring out as result that slaves were gotten through wars and others means and many of them suffered in vain which brought about it abolition. Finally, another advance level of slavery future around which needed to be redress, faced or counter attack as time goes by or moved on.

The current study aims at exploring the role of self-management strategies in developing Iraqi students' reading comprehension. In order to conduct the study, the researcher chose a sample for the study to consist of 30 first-year students. This sample was divided into two groups. Fifteen students were selected as the control group and fifteen were chosen to be the experimental group. The control group were taught using the traditional methods. On the other hand, the experimental group received instructions of self-management strategies. The outcomes of the study shows that the reading comprehension performance of the students in the experimental group is much higher than the control group performance. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in experimental group use of self-management strategies on the post- administration of the reading comprehension strategies survey. Thus, the results of this research proves there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups. Therefore, it can be said that using selfmanagement strategies can improve students’ reading comprehension, and it is recommended to make this strategies part of the reading comprehension courses.

Les chroniques romanesques de Jean Giono ont ceci de particulier que le tragique y occupe une fonction philosophique essentielle. En effet, le tragique dépasse les limites thématiques et frôle des dimensions métaphysiques, en invitant le lecteur à réfléchir sur l’essence de la violence comme un élément structurant du récit. De Langlois à Thérèse, le parcours narratif des personnages ne cesse d’avancer vers la fatalité, à travers la violence, pour dénoncer ainsi la tragique condition de la nature humaine. La violence devient une loi et le tragique est alors nécessaire. Comment alors le mécanisme de la crise sacrificielle parvient à dévoiler l’impossible utopie dans le commerce des hommes, le désir mimétique augmentant sans cesse la rivalité entre eux. Cette crise sacrificielle nous renvoie à la théorie de René Girard que nous sollicitons pour apporter quelques éléments de réponses à notre problématique. Un roi sans divertissement sera soumis à une approche philosophique où sera abordé le retour du tragique comme une nécessité épistémologique de l’écrivain moderne. Il en résulte que l’utopie soit nécessairement tragique. Elle ne sera donc possible que si on cesse de désirer les mêmes choses. Enfin, ce sont les passions les plus sincères qui rapprochent l’homme de la démesure, d’où la fonction suprême qu’accorde Giono au tragique. C’est sa catharsis intellectuelle qui seule amènera l’homme, par la force de sa volonté, à reconnaître la victime, et à ne pas être la victime, par le biais du divertissement et de la tentation du sublime. Dans ce sens, l’analyse des types et des fonctions du tragique, ainsi que le mécanisme de la crise sacrificielle dans cette chronique dévoilent une stratégie d’écriture moderne où le tragique immanent permet d’annoncer l’impossible utopie

Myriads of issues and challenges confront man in the human society which in no small measure generate conflicts and hamper mutual co-existence. Conflict is as old as humanity and it will be a wishful thinking to try to legislate it out of existence. This paper adopted descriptive and analytical method. It relies on secondary sources of data such as the academic journal articles, textbooks, newspaper and online materials. Due to the divergence of views and interests that nurture conflicts, efforts should be intensified and engineered in the mechanisms of resolving the multitude of complicated conflicts and issues confronting humanity in the human society. The imperative of conflict resolution is so paramount and desirable because If this policy is not pursued religiously, the ugly side of the human nature will be activated which has the potentials and capacity to destroy society and its environment. This work extensively examined the concept of conflicts and its underlining implications in the society. Indeed, as we noted in this work, conflict is not always a negative phenomenon, sometimes conflict is an agent and process of positive social change. The necessity of resolving conflicts amicably and effectively was highlighted bearing in mind its multiplier effect in the polity and society at large. In conclusion, various approaches to conflict resolution were analysed in this work which will help in resolving and managing conflicts that will engender peace, harmony and societal development.

The performance of an institution to achieve its goals and objectives depends upon how well its information system is managed. This explains why UNESCO has for the past years been clamoring for the digitalization of Education Management Information Systems (EMIS). Digitalized EMIS are known for being a panacea to problems faced by educational institutions around the world nowadays, yet little or no attention is paid to it in Cameroon State Universities. The main objective of this study is therefore to explore impediments to digital EMIS in the said universities. It is a mixed study, involving questionnaire administration to 47 and interviews with 08 administrative agents randomly selected from four Cameroon State universities. While quantitative data were analyzed with the help of SPSS in a descriptive manner, qualitative data were analyzed via content analyses. The latter was done in the light of Von Bertalanffy’s Systems Theory and Kurt Lewin’s Theory of Change. Results reveal that inadequacies in the availability of digital devices, administrators’ skills as well as their perception on digital EMIS greatly affect its digitalization process in Cameroon State universities. To this effect, recommendations have been made and if implemented, they will go a long way to create a veritable paradigm-shift in the said universities.

The causal relationships among financing from various Islamic Banks, poverty and economic growth are the objectives in this research. Panel data is the appropriate model applied in this research. The data are collected from all provinces in Indonesia from 2011-2017 to seek the causal relationship. We find that disbursement of Islamic Commercial Banks financing significantly leaven Indonesian economic growth. However, it is also depicting unpleasant picture as most provinces unfortunately still lied in second, third and last quadrants rather than in the first quadrant. We also argue that our finding attests financing from various Islamic Banks can spur Indonesian economic development. Poverty attests conversely as it clearly lead to prejudice the economy. The research also provides some suggestions such as the government and its related agencies should concentrate in increasing funding to grow a higher economy and they are urged to create such policy in order to manage the level of poverty.

The aim of this study is to contrast the structure of declarative sentences of Fur and English language with a view to identify the areas of similarities and differences. The study shows that English and Fur languages are from different language families. English belongs to Indio-European language family whereas, Fur belongs to Nilo- Saharan language family. The researchers have adopted contrastive analysis methodology to conduct this study. The data will be collected from grammar books of English as well as the text books of Fur language. Using the descriptive research method and tree diagrams (Phrase Markers) and tables to analyze the data. They contrast some examples of declarative sentences between Fur and English Language. The results reveal that Fur and English languages, are distinct from one another but at the same time they are alike in terms of sentential elements. The structure of declarative sentence in English language consists of subject (S), verb (V), object (O) SVO this is characteristic of English language sentence structure whereas, the structure of Fur language sentence is SOV that is to say the order of sentential elements of Fur language is different from the English one. The two languages have two kinds of questions (Wh-question and Yes/No question) but with different words arrangement. In order to overcome the above problems, this study recommends that the teachers should concentrate on the areas of differences in both languages. The curriculum designers and textbook writers in Sudan should clearly reflect, in their work the differences that exist between the sentence structures of English and Nilo- Saharan Languages which spoken by a large number of Sudanese

The present study is fuelled by the possibility to explore one of the most traditional genres in literature and seek answers in relation to its emergence, generic patterns and, last but not least, its remarkable popularity across time and space. The first part of the research intends to provide a survey of scholarly sources that represent some of the most significant contributions to the study of the school story genre. The study aims to cover the evolution of the school story as a literary genre (definitions, categories, major writers), but prior to this goal, we intend to offer a diachronic perspective of this form of education in real life. Afterwards, the analysis is based on its reflection in children’s fiction, as well. This angle is intentionally set in order to link the fictional field with the main targeted audience – the young readers – and attempt to provide an explanation for them being so fond of novels that incorporate tropes which pertain to this particular eccentric genre. Thus, the last part of our research focuses on investigating the conventional features and key elements of this genre, as well as examining if there are other levels of categorisation and subgenres that have emerged as a result of the writers’ ingeniousness or adaptation to prescribed societal norms.

There are always divergent viewpoints in the interrogation of historical materials with regards to literary productions. This notion may derive essentially from the Urhobo proverb that „the enjoyment one gets from a great festival is often determined by the homestead one visits‟, not downplaying the purpose and expectation of the person attending the festival. Although war and other conflicts that pitched people against themselves and /or institutions may serve as a leitmotif for creative works, the portraiture of such experiences, both physical and psychological, may differ from the viewpoints of the writers especially those from either side of the war divide. The Nigerian Civil-War of 1967 to 1970, no doubt, has produced more literary works and memoirs than any other socio-political upheavals since Nigerian attainment of political independence from the British in 1960. Many of the literary expressions of the Nigerian Civil War explore various themes and horrors of the war from different perspective, some from the viewpoints of the victims (Biafran, Igbo) and others from the angle of the perceived victors (the Federal Government). Scholars of Nigerian Civil-War narratives have also examined the literary productions that derive from the war from the above perspective even though their position may only establish the universal truth that constitute the aesthetic fulcrum of the Nigerian war literature. Little attention has been paid to the minority voices whose manner of engagement is different from the body of works that derive from the established canon of the war narratives. This essay, therefore, examines the minority voices in the works of writers who, because of their ethnic affiliation in the Nigerian polity, were not active participants in the war but are caught up in the web of the conflagration that defined it. It adopts the postcolonial literary theory to describe the condition of the marginalised minorities within a supercentre of hegemonic forces. It exposes the authors‟ emotions and sympathies on the ideologies of the war and also foregrounds the inherent metaphors, traumatic images and existential appurtenances on which the minority groups in Nigeria sought out their existence in the midst of the war.

This study investigates the morpho-syntactic properties of the English to- infinitive, progressive auxiliary BE, perfective auxiliary HAVE, passive BE and HAVE, and their Nàijá translation equivalent. (Nàijá is an English-lexifier Nigerian creole.) The adopted theoretical framework is the minimalist program (MP) of generative syntax. The objectives of the study are (i) to determine the errors which Nàijá L1 learners of English make in learning these delineated aspects of English morpho-syntax, and (ii) to explain why they make these errors. The data analysis shows that Nàijá L1 learners of English generally (i) substitute the Nàijá verb phrase structure for the English to- infinitive structure, (ii) shift temporal marking in progressive tenses to a temporal adverb, bifọ (somewhat equivalent to English ‘before’), (iii) impose the morphologically invariant structure of the Nàijá perfective auxiliary dọn on the English perfective auxiliary HAVE, and (iv) in passive structures, equate the English 3rd person pronominal they with the Nàijá passive nominal marker (pnm), dẹm.

This article assesses the uses and abuses of official apologies in transitional justice processes. It presents contextual definition of apologies and the application of official apology in addressing various social, corporate, and political violations. It examines the application of the image repair theory in dealing with historical human rights violations and scrutinizes how those in positions of political power have used and or abused official apologies as a conspiracy of evading responsibility and entrenching impunity in the face of elaborate and successful transitional justice frameworks. The article underscores the argument that contrary to some popular assertions, political apologies represent cleansing ritual and not responsibility for harms perpetrated on victims. The article therefore contends that to sustainably demonstrate a genuine act of contrition, official apology must guarantee non repetition of the harm perpetrated on victims by demonstrating visible change of behavior from those in positions of authority.

Criticism is one form of participation in governance that is mostly frowned at and often routinely ignored by political leaders. This mentality displays it insignificant as it seems not to enhance good governance. The case in point is the Nigerian government. However, the position of this paper is that the touchstone of good governance for any society starts from allowing and listening to criticisms, and in turn learning from them. It is of the view that praises alone are not sufficient to actualize good governance, that criticism is a valuable source of information for decision making, and that dictatorship of governance cannot testify good governance because it does not allow criticisms from the governed. This work therefore, discusses how criticism may be valid in boosting good governance in our society.

Whether it is modern slavery or slavery in its modern form, there is evidence that some practices continue to deprive some human beings of their basic human rights and freedom, which has become a matter of concern in recent decades across the world, despite attempts to eradicate it. This article examines the forms of modern slavery and the pertinence of the ongoing debate about the phenomenon in Nigeria and the United Kingdom. This shows that modern slavery is practiced in ways that are unknown to the general public and authorities alike. The article then evaluates the underpinning factors that drive this practice in Nigeria and the United Kingdom. The article also shows a link between Nigeria and the United Kingdom in promoting the practice since Nigerian human trafficking networks often provide modern slaves to underground slave masters in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the article demonstrates that while this practice is motivated by economic gain, it has a negative impact on the socio-economic environment of Nigeria and the United Kingdom. The article shows that the practice thrives and perpetuates due to a lack of compliance with international and domestic legal instruments in terms of implementation and enforcement of the law. Therefore, the article concludes that the need for law and policy responses must be accompanied by other measures to eradicate the deeply rooted phenomenon in Nigeria and the United Kingdom.

Religion is a system through which people reach their gods and goddess or super natural being for the purpose of problem solving, communication or interaction. It includes people’s belief, faith, practices or veneration etc. in any given environment. Health system is the condition of man’s body or mechanism when something is wrong and need to be addressed either with drugs, human experts, medical gadgets, therapy or prayer with faith. There are some health related challenges found in any given environment which may erupt as a result of epidemic, biological trait, type of feeding, malnutrition, environmental hazard, infection or spiritual sickness etc. Some believe in faith clinic alone while some make use of both prayer and drugs or other means of medical help either traditional or scientific. The paper therefore discussed the concept of religion and health system, the role of religion in the reduction of health related challenges. It also examined the challenges of religion and religious leaders in eradication of health problem in Nigeria society and recommends increase in religious faith and adequate treatment from the hospitals and medical-experts when faced with any disease, illness or any form of sickness for quick healing

Purpose –This study aims to examine the shortcomings of the International Labour Organisation Standards (ILO) and domestic laws regarding efforts made to enforce various standards and legal instruments to eradicate the worst form of child labour on Ivory Coast‟s cocoa farms. Design methodology/approach–We conduct textual analysis and deconstruction of strategies put in place to overcome the lingering phenomenon of child labour on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, the leading cocoa producer in the world. Findings – Evidence of the continued involvement of child labourers in Ivory Coast cocoa farming to date highlights the lack of results in combating the phenomenon, which indicates that ILO standards and domestic laws appear to be inefficient and insufficient in winning the ongoing fight. Originality/value –The findings of this study demonstrate the missed opportunities in combating the worst form of child labour on Ivory Coast‟s cocoa farms and suggest a paradigm shift in approach to eradicate the phenomenon

This study investigated the socio-economic effects of COVID19 pandemic on families as well as ways to cope with the negative impacts. The respondents were parents of students enrolled in Lapaz National High School, San Narciso District of Zone 3, DepEd Division of Zambales, Philippines. The study was conducted on the third quarter of the academic year 2020-2021. This study utilized mixed methods of research design. Findings of the study revealed that majority of the parent-respondents are female who married with 4 family members who are bachelor‘s degree holder, self-employed and are low income earners but not poor. They agreed on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic to their economic sufficiency. ANOVA computation showed a no significant difference on the perceived impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the economic sufficiency of the parent-respondents when grouped according to civil status, monthly income, size of family and years as recipients of 4P‘s. There is significant difference on the perceived impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the social upliftment of the parent-respondents when grouped according to years as recipients of 4P‘s.

Teaching vocabulary successfully considered challenges in teaching English for Iraqi EFL students. Instructors of English language concentrate on teaching grammar. As a result of concerning grammar as a priority, vocabulary has been ignored. Some instructors have neglected the truth that learning vocabulary is needed for students, not only to enhance their realization but also to help them in other fields like grammar. In process of learning English language, vocabulary is regarded as a basic concept for a communication, Iraqi students face difficulties in memorizing and understanding vocabularies. The present study achieved in the Department of English, College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad in academic year 2020-2021. The sample of this study was thirty first year students. To perform the objective of this study, the researcher used pre and posttests to collect data. These data was analyzed by SPSS program. The study concluded that Iraqi EFL students face difficulties in using correct vocabularies.

Communication comes easy to most people, however, to children with selective mutism, day to day communication with their environment can be challenging and somethings even impossible. This paper explores how animal assistive therapy can help children with selective mutism communicate better in their every day environment, using various animals such as: dogs, cats, guinea pigs, bunnies, birds etc.

Recognizing the need for verbal communication within the human community, the work identifies that language is present in virtually every aspect of man’s existence. With language, music, as an aspect of entertainment which combines different notes to produce melody and pass information is composed. The work highlights that Bongo music is one cultural identity recognizable among the Igbo people of Eastern Nigeria. The Igbo are generally hard working people who relax with music after each working day. Bongo music comes in handy in these relaxation centres. The Bongo music composer, aware of the importance of music in fulfilling the people’s entertainment needs, crafts the lyrics of his songs, to capture the enjoyment-driven dispositions among the Igbo, bearing in mind the fact that in Ala Igbo, enjoyment is evidence of wealth. These tendencies serve as veritable links between the musician, audience and their roots. In crafting these songs the Bongo music composer brings to bear those very noticeable tendencies among the Igbo that serve to emphasize that wealth should be properly deployed to serve man’s personal and social needs. Through this brand of music, the Bongo musicians in Ala Igbo clearly express the larger Igbo concept that any wealthy person who does not eat good food and drink choice wines to nourish his body and edify his spirit certainly does not realize the material/practical values of the wealth he/she possesses. As the Igbo say, that which you eat while alive is what sustains you to the world beyond. Through careful thematic and stylistic assessments, the work identifies that Bongo music in Ala Igbo emphasizes those cultural values that distinguish the Igbo as a unique social group that considers enjoyment as evidence of good living.

Funeral rite in the Bamoun cultural universe is perceived as dole or charity on behalf of the departed member, which is an ancestral heritage emanating from traditional and religious acts, which aims at bringing a number of peoples to share, and contribute in the peaceful rest of the departed member. This article focuses on one of the most important funeral rite known as the “KPAGOUMLIEJEU” („40th day).The kpagoumliejeu is a traditional memorial service, family gathering, ceremonies and rituals in memory of the departed member. The 40th day concludes the memorial period and has a major significance in tradition, which is believed that the soul of the departed remains wandering on earth during the period, coming back home, and visiting places. Despite all the significances this rite has in the Bamoun tradition, others still thought is a means or source of abuse to certain category of people? Others bring Furth questions if it is an innovation copied from other cultures or not? The objectives of this work are to identify, show, and analyze the different traditional processes related to protection, progress and preservation of the 40th day funeral rite. The problem is how is the 40th day perceived and valued within the Bamoun community in the Western region of Cameroon. Data was collected using documentary research, participant observation, which was done by participating in one of the most important aspect of the funeral rite (by distributing gifts after prayers), interviews and photography which help in the production of important images on the different stages and aspects of the rite and information‟s about the rite. The following results were obtained: the 40th day is perceived as a source of abuse to average and poor categories of people. 40th d.

This paper presents the findings of a study that analyzed the use of lexical bundles in two registers of research articles: education and geology. The corpus (Ant Conk) consisted of education articles, and geology articles. The most frequent four-word combinations were selected as lexical bundles and classified functionally in each register. The analyses showed that the bundles identified in each discipline are different to some extent. Finally, a functional classification showed that some bundles in both disciplines shared functions connected to the specific sub- function, while some of them are connected to the register’s interest.

For millennia, people have relied on depressant drugs like marijuana and LSD to lift their spirits. Alcohol, cannabis, and opiates have all been widely utilised in India for hundreds of years. Such psychotropic chemicals, however, have taken on pathological proportions in modern times. The 2004 survey, on the other hand, had some methodological flaws. Only males were interviewed, hence there are no statistics on the prevalence of substance abuse among women. Only findings at the national level were possible due to the sample frame. Because of this, the state-by-state differences in the amount of drug usage remained unidentified. To determine the prevalence of all drugs, researchers relied entirely on a household survey. Drugs that are socially accepted but not legal are called ‘‘illegal” substances. As a result, it's impossible to rule out the possibility of underreporting and, as a result, underestimating drug use.

Characterization, being an intrinsic aspect of novel production, helps to express ideas, and contributes to a series of events forming a spectacle in narrative as if it were in real life. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the process of character development thanks to Alex La Guma, Nadine Gordimer and Peter Abrahams‟ writing talents. These South African Apartheid novelists shed light on the prevailing human condition under racial discrimination by employing characters that either lead actions or answer back actions. They are defined according to their nature, their personality, their function and psychology. To this extent, critics like Bernth Lindfors and Vincent Jouve bring to light the political prejudice occasioned by the oppressor, which is a source of awareness and socio-political disrupt within the society embodied by verisimilitude

This article analyzes the heuristic method “One–variable–at-a-time”, which is useful in solving various problems of science and daily life, and presents characteristic applications of it in various fields of human activities. Furthermore, the method is used to explain logical paradoxes as well as the logical fallacy of the two variables. Finally, a variation of the method is presented, which can be characterized as its mirror opposite and is used, under special conditions, in problems of many variables where the original method cannot be used.

Le protectorat français au Maroc à la différence du colonialisme assimilationniste appliqué en Algérie, a bâti sa légitimité sur l’association des élites au gouvernement et le respect des attributs et traditions de la nation marocaine. L‘artisanat représente par sa portée identitaire un secteur opportun pour faire valoir la bienveillance et le souci du protectorat pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine local. Il a mis en place, pour ce faire, une politique de renaissance de l‘artisanat qu’il a promu en France à travers la participation aux expositions universelles et coloniales. En 1917 en pleine guerre mondiale le service des beaux-arts, antiquités et monuments historiques organise une exposition de l’artisanat au palais Marsan à Paris. Profitant de l’aura qui entourait les arts islamique et primitif, l’artisanat marocain est qualifié par la critique d’«art décoratif marocain» alors qu’il était médiatisé comme une industrie archaïque et exotique quelques années auparavant. Ses branches islamique et berbère furent érigées en modèle d’inspiration pour les artistes français. Le succès de l‘exposition est une réussite de la stratégie pacifiste de Lyautey qui a mis l‘artisanat au service de la propagande du protectorat.

The definition of the phenomenon of non-participation in the classroom seems to be subject to several trends. Many educational stakeholders still seem to be divided on the issue of comparing this attitude to passivity. This question was the focus of this exploratory study and adopted a mixed research methods approach. Different data types (quantitative and qualitative) were collected from 282 intermediate EFL learners through a 44-item questionnaire, focus groups, and a case study. Data collected from these students randomly recruited from two universities in the Republic of Benin (UAC: 80, UP: 47) and Niger (UZ: 121, AMU: 34) were analysed using the descriptive interpretation statistical method of SPSS 26 software (quantitative data) and through inductive content analysis method (qualitative data). The results obtained from these different analyses revealed that the lack of class participation could not be systematically considered as a sign of passivity because it is of two kinds (verbal and non-verbal). Moreover, there are two types of passive participation (negative and positive). These findings, among others, showed that this phenomenon is caused by the nature of EFL courses, the learning environment, anxiety, fear of public speaking, and natural cognitive, psychic, psychosomatic, climatic, economic, social, parental, occult (African superstition), and physiological factors. Several recommendations and suggestions were made in the light of these findings to prevent this phenomenon.

The private sector plays a critical role in supporting women and men’s access to contraception and safe abortion products, services, and technology. Working complementarily—not in competition with—the public sector, the private sector offers value-add to local health systems by reaching young people who may prefer the convenience and ease of accessing care through pharmacies and drug shops. Through registration, distribution, marketing, and education around reproductive health products, the private sector shapes and drives the marketplace for use and expands access. We propose that additional resources and attention should be directed to the private sector to accelerate progress made advancing health outcomes and to further unleash the private sector’s potential to help young people and couples in making reproductive choices. A commitment from key opinion leaders to develop a robust private sector is an investment in infrastructure that supports positive and sustainable health outcomes.

This study assessed the level of the implementation of the Obafemi Awolowo University‟s gender policy and identified the challenges encountered in the process. It determined whether the implementation strategy is able to actualize the policy‟s goal of achieving 70:30 male/female participation rates in employment and in leadership positions. The level of staff awareness of the policy was also investigated. Data were derived from in-depth interviews with purposively selected members of staff who were stakeholders in the implementation process of the gender policy such as: past and present Heads of Departments, Deans of Faculties, Provosts of Colleges, and Directors of Institutes and Centers. Secondary data on the status of women in academic and leadership positions were derived from the Planning, Budgeting and Monitoring Unit of the university. This study found that the implementation of the gender policy commenced after its promulgation in 2009 and was sustained for just a couple of years. The process slowed down thereafter due to deeply entrenched patriarchal conservatism, change in the composition of university management that focused less on gender issues, reduced political will, gaps in sensitization and awareness creation of the policy, lack of gender equity network and gender equity implementation committee to facilitate the implementation process, inadequate funds and poor human resource to execute the policy‟s action plans. Also, most Heads of Departments, Deans and other stakeholders did not have copies of the policy and could not utilize it. Lack of effective monitoring and evaluation frameworks were significant implementation challenges. The study concluded that a strong political will as well as a new shift to a more transformative, proactive and nuanced approach by the university stakeholders and management is required to facilitate the implementation of the gender policy.

The global COVID-19 Coronavirus outbreak overwhelmed the world in 2020. The unprecedent pandemic situation, elicited by the invisible virus SARS-CoV-2,shattered people‟s usual benchmarks and representations of reality. Storytelling proliferates in times of crisis because this universal phenomenon allows people to structure the shapeless reality via meaning-making processes, and therefore to cope with the collective upheaval that represents the COVID-19 outbreak. The current research aims to investigate the storytelling underpinning the social construction of the invisible virus, conveyed by written and oral narratives of older adults. The automatized qualitative data analyses of older adults‟ written narratives (N = 144) demonstrated that the virus represents serious danger of sickness which arouses negative emotional reactions and the duality of life and death. The analyses of older adults‟ oral narratives (N = 26) demonstrated that their storytelling tendsto anchor the biological functioning of the virus, which remains a mystery and a source of various fears, fantasies and fascinations. Furthermore, the “war metaphor” and martial rhetoric that emerged in the storytelling of older adults indicate a shared pool of knowledge that resonates in line with theCOVID-19 mass media and political storytelling in France. Indeed, older adults„ storytelling is anchored within specific spatio-temporal dimensions, as every extreme situation occurs within a particular time and space. Thus, the storytelling of a virus, that should be apprehended as a journey of meaning, demonstrates a hidden coherence and a collectively shared base of COVID-19 narratives.

In several villages in the municipality of Kakanj (Brnjic, Crnoc, Starposle, for example), a large number of Bosnian chardaklia houses have been preserved to this day. In the horizontal plan, the house is two-lane, with the basement developed only below one tract, thus (the other tract) on the ground floor developed on the ground, and the other tract above the basement, which is partially buried in the ground. For such houses, more or less unkempt terrain is regularly chosen, which, in addition to the benefits of developing a typical house plan, provides other benefits: southern exposure of the main rooms of the house, efficient drainage of rainwater around the house (and thus protection of the basement from moisture). The Smajic family house in the Starposle village near Kakanj is symmetrical in relation to the central vertical plane, which means that its use is planned for one, two and even four independent families that eventually emerge from a single-nucleus family. The Smajic family house is still in relatively good physical condition, where, with certain adaptations, it is possible to live. Namely, when a family in the village builds a new house, this house is used for housing that family until they move into a new house. It is interesting that today, next to each other, stand the houses of three generations of the Smajic family, where each of them witnesses the time of its construction and the way of life of the people

It is reported frequently by the local newspapers, local NGOs and social activists of the region that the poor seasonal migrants face innumerable problems in their place of work. The poor families of the region are allured by the labour contractors and outsider employers by giving them advance lump sum cash to work with them for a fixed period on contractual basis. However, in the worksites the migrant families comprising often husband, wife and children are forced to work for more than 12 to14 hours a day on piece rate basis at a very subliminal wage. Many employers in the worksites do not provide them minimum basic amenities although they promise rosy picture of lodging and boarding including health services for all and education facilities for the small children. They are kept in semi-starved condition by the employers. For their hand to mouth existence the employers pay them around Rs.250 to 300 per week towards food allowance. Many when fall sick do not get any health care support. It is also alleged that the migrant worker families often return with empty cash under distress condition.

The aims of this paper are to put forward that teachers should use listening textbooks in classrooms and to explore the analyses of the usages of anaphors and ellipsis in listening materials as our new attainment against old-fashioned teaching methods. First, this pilot research study gives details on what listening is and what discourse is to us. During listening, listeners keep tracking information as well as sound patterns. Surely it may be believed that revealing the discourse structures turns into a shift toward the education of listening. It is mainly because there are diverse stages on how to hear sounds and how to interpret conversations correctly. It does not mean that students get on top of complicated syntactic structures and vocabularies, but implies that they rather soon get used to understanding the structures of discourse more easily. However, it needs the quantity and quality of listening. These issues seem that they have not been known to teachers yet because old teaching methods are still alive. Second, this paper investigates that speakers certainly have the identifiability and accessibility of anaphors and ellipsis in discourse in minds, where a reference, it, a deixis, this and that, and ellipsis as do, do it, do this and do that are analyzed. In particular, it, this and that, which have an anaphorical feature in contexts, are shown in interactions of conversation. Naturally they include the statuses of co-referential conditions and discourse referents. Speakers can use the functions of anaphors and ellipsis when they are identifiable and accessible in thinking. This paper indicates that students should learn such structures in classrooms because the way of thinking in English can be learnt exactly. However, the analysis contains a controversial room, where a different in usages of it and that is found although theoretically the statuses are set in that it is in focus and that is activated here. The usage of that leaves a function of deixis as pointing something.

Have you ever been questioned about your gender and sex? You may not be aware that sex and gender are not synonymous. Social scientists generally do not consider sex and gender to be conceptually equivalent. There are physical and physiological variations between men and women that are known as sex, including the reproductive system as well as secondary traits like height and muscle mass. Being a man or a woman has social and cultural implications, which is why the term „„gender” is used.

Physical surroundings, including those in which a person lives and relies for daily activities such as respiration, production, and consumption, can be considered part of the definition of the environment. Everything in his physical environment is a part of his ecosystem, including the air, water, and land, as well as the many fossil fuels, earth, and plants and animals that make up his ecosystem. Physical environment and human well-being are intertwined in a variety of ways, including both qualitative and quantitative aspects. With regard to development and its speed, natural resources have a significant role. A considerable portion of the environment in an urbanised civilization is man-made. The creation of artificial settings (like buildings and roads) as well as the means of transportation (like clothing and cars) is dependent on human labour as well as the use of natural resources.

The present article posits the existence of conflicting relationships between born-in-Africa Africans and Diaspora Africans, two peoples that are actually one, though separated by history and geography. Leaning on historiography, sociology, psychology, Afrocentrism, and postcolonialism as theories, and axiology and panopticism as paradigms, the paper analyzes the relationship between Africa and her Diaspora, with Africa used metaphorically as „Mother‟ and ‟Motherland.‟ It also explores the us versus them dichotomy in (re)shaping self through theorizing space/place, culture, and identity (ies). It further analyzes the politicization of race and ethnicity that dialogues the „in-group‟ and „out-group‟ formation as it paves the way for the politics of discursive de-racialization, de-ethnicization, and de-territorialization for togetherness in a differentiated otherization and ethos.

The Nigerian university system continues to depreciate in the quality of discipline among staff and students. The system is characterized by a variety of unwholesome behaviour among the faculty, a situation that calls for firm disciplinary measures to address. The application of the said disciplinary measures needs to be effected bearing in mind the human right principles so that the right things are not done the wrong ways. This article examines the concept of human rights and their importance, the rights and responsibilities of university faculty with emphasis on academic freedom and the responsibilities that go with it, academic governance, teaching, research and creative activities, public service and the resolution of conflicts. There are however various acts of misconduct found among the faculty which need to be dealt with bearing in mind the need to be guided by human rights principles. Factors that predispose academic staff to corrupt practices were listed while suggestion were made for strategies for curbing academic dishonesty among the faculty.

Avant le protectorat, l‟artisanat marocain fut véhiculé dans les expositions internationales comme une industrie rudimentaire qui reflète le retard du Maroc et répond à la mode exotique valorisant les attributs des civilisations orientales. Sous le protectorat l‟artisanat marocain est reconnu comme art décoratif depuis qu‟il a été exposé au palais Marsan en 1917. En 1925 le protectorat lui revendique l‟étiquette d‟art décoratif moderne et le montre à l‟exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes organisée à Paris. Pour s‟aligner au règlement de l‟exposition récusant toute référence à l‟histoire, l‟administration coloniale a présenté selon une scénographie moderne des articles d‟artisanat hybride développés dans des artisans et artistes européens pour répondre aux besoins d‟une clientèle occidentale. La promotion des articles hybrides de l‟artisanat marocain reflète l‟incohérence de la politique de rénovation. Le slogan en faveur de l‟authenticité de l‟artisanat marocain brandi au début du mandat coloniale n‟a pas résisté à la nécessité de se conformer au besoin de la clientèle européenne et d‟inscrire l‟artisanat marocain dans la dynamique artistique mondiale de plus en plus favorable à la modernisation des arts industriels.

On the basis of the guidelines and policies of the Party, this article aims at commenting on the current situation of education and training for the Khmer ethnic people in the southwest, thereby proposing practical solutions in improving the quality of education and training activities in the current period

The main objective of the present paper is to explore the relevance of Ambedkarism (thoughts of Ambedkar) and how it brings political consciousness among backward sections. B.R. Ambedkar advocates the path for emancipation through his personal experiences and he gave three mantras: ‘educate’, ‘agitate’ and ‘organize’. The idea of ‘education’ would be main objective of this paper because education is one of the key mantras. Education makes a person to a complete human being. Therefore, Ambedkar express that the socio-political status of shudra (SC/ST/OBC) had been socially and economically backward only because there was a severe lack of education. The present paper would explore the connection between political consciousness and Ambedkarism (thought of Amberdkar), because his thought does not accept any religious discrimination, apartheid, caste-discrimination, orthodoxy, superstition, ignorance, etc. in any form and this concept seeks the path of socio-economic and political upheaval through education.

Single-use plastics (SuP) also known as throw away plastics are intended to be used only once then discarded. They are widely used and increasingly in the market sector. Industries and shop retailers use them for packaging. They have become almost indispensable in most of our daily activities. Studies have revealed that poor waste management practices such as land filling and incineration pollute the environment. This has led nations to address the issue to curb environmental pollution caused by SuPs. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the controversy over the enforcement of the single-use plastic ban amidthe pandemic and pointing out the limits of the policies in this area. To this effect, many countries including Cameroon opted to place a ban on the manufacturing, trading, and the use of SuPs shopping bags that are below 61 microns. Since the ban, sensitization has been to encourage a change of behaviour from using SuPs and instead encouraging the use and reuse of the thicker polybags. We made use of qualitative and quantitative designs with interviews, direct observation and the questionnaires as research techniques. Our research tools were , an interview guide, observation guide, questionnaires, pens, notebook, and a voice recorder. We were able to obtain the following results. It was revealed that with the advent of the COVID-19 Pandemic, coronavirus is easily spread through the contact with contaminated objects. Today, the tendency is to encourage the reuse of SuP as an ideal waste management practice. By so doing, this will therefore encourage the risk of contamination as plastics that are widely used for packaging may easily become vectors.

Current status of unemployment in India has created a challenging situation for policy makers and educationists as well as our government to figure out the factors behind it. Misfit of suitable candidates in different degree courses as well as work front are playing a major role in creating this critical situation. There is lack of guidance and counselling programs at school level as well as at higher studies, which leads to drop outs and less deserving candidature in educational and occupational areas. To overcome these problems, we need to provide suitable courses to the suitable persons and suitable jobs to the suitable candidates and this will happen by preparing career mature persons. Career maturity can be developed through the process of career counselling and the process is lifelong. For this career counselling services need to be introduced in a mass level from the beginning of education i.e. at schooling stage. So, there is a dire need tore establish the importance of career counselling services with new ideas and innovative practices in the present situation in India.